ИСТОРИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И ОСНОВНЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ ЛАБОРАТОРИИ ЭРОЗИИ ПОЧВ ПОЧВЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА ИМ. В.В. ДОКУЧАЕВА
Abstract
Лаборатория эрозии почв Почвенного института им. В.В. Докучаева была организована в 1932 г. по инициативе видного почвоведа А.М. Панкова. Данная лаборатория стала первой в СССР специализированной лабораторией, положившей начало систематическому изучению эрозии почв и длительное время была центром координации противоэрозионных исследований в стране. Широкая научная и организационная деятельность лаборатории мобилизовала внимание ученых и практиков на решение этой важной проблемы. В 1936 г. в Москве под руководством Д.Г. Виленского и А.М. Панкова было проведено Первое Всесоюзное совещание по борьбе с эрозией почв. Богатая история лаборатории связана с известными учёными: А.М. Панковым, академиком С.С. Соболевым, академиком А.Н. Каштановым, И.Д. Брауде, П.С. Трегубовым, А.С. Извековым и другими. С момента организации лаборатории на первый план выступили вопросы учета и картографирования эродированных почв, оценка специфики и степени выраженности эрозионных процессов, районирование территорий, подверженных эрозии. Для изучения этих проблем организовывались многочисленные комплексные почвенно-эрозионные исследования в Европейской части России и союзных республиках. С 1960-х годов на ряду с экспедиционными исследованиями начали проводится многолетние стационарные наблюдения за эрозией почв, направленные на разработку противоэрозионных мероприятий. В результате более чем 90-летней деятельности лаборатории были изучены географические закономерности распространения водной и ветровой эрозии почв; составлены почвенно-эрозионные карты СССР и отдельных регионов; разработаны и внедрены почвозащитные мероприятия, направленные на борьбу с водной и ветровой эрозией почв и восстановление плодородия эродированных почв. Результаты научных работ получили признание на самом высоком государственном уровне. В последние годы исследования ведутся на основе сочетания традиционных и современных методов диагностики и моделирования эрозионных процессов, разрабатываются новые подходы к оценке и управлению рисками деградации земель от эрозии почв.
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