serpЭрозия почв и русловые процессыSoil erosion and river channel processes3034-4638Limited Liability Company “Expert laboratory ”Hydroinformational systems”10.71367/3034-4638-2024-1-1-19-34serp-4Research ArticleСтатьиВодная эрозия почв в условиях изменений климата и землепользования: современное состояние и прогнозWater soil erosion under climate and land use change: current status and forecastГолосовВ. Н.GolosovV.

Валентин Николаевич Голосов, доктор географических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

географический факультет; Научно-исследовательская лаборатория эрозиипочв и русловых процессов им. Н.И. Маккавеева

Москва

Valentin Golosov

Faculty of Geography

Moscow

gollossov@gmail.comМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation202423122024011934Copyright © Голосов В.Н., 20242024Голосов В.Н.Golosov V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.sediment.ru/jour/article/view/4

   В условиях меняющегося климата в различных частях умеренного климатического пояса происходят в разной степени значимые изменения склонового смыва с пахотных земель. В статье на основе обзора опубликованных данных и обобщений автора рассматриваются основные тенденции трансформации эрозии почв в крупнейших аграрных регионах мира с акцентом на Европейскую территорию России (ЕТР). Для ЕТР на основе наблюдений за склоновым стоком в период снеготаяния выявлен отчетливый тренд его сокращения, начиная с 1990-х гг. вплоть до полного прекращения на западе лесостепной зоны и смены на тало-ливневой на западе степной зоны. Общее сокращение темпов смыва в пределах южного мегасклона ЕТР выявлено для всех ландшафтных зон, за исключением юга степной зоны, на основе оценок темпов аккумуляции наносов в днищах долин водосборов первого порядка. Показано, что потепление климата способствует росту повторяемости выпадения экстремальных ливневых осадков, особенно значимому в Западной и Центральной Европе. Данный тренд пока в меньшей степени прослеживается в пределах ЕТР. Структурные перестройки землепользования в наибольшей степени в последние десятилетия затронули сельское хозяйство России. Здесь вплоть до начала XXI в. происходило существенное сокращение пахотных земель, которое с начала второго десятилетия XXI в. сменилось восстановлением площадей пашни в лесостепной и степной зонах. В Северной и особенно в Южной Америке за два десятилетия текущего столетия на значительных площадях ранее пахотных земель стала использоваться нулевая обработка почвы, что на порядок сократило темпы смыва почвы. При этом в ряде регионов лесостепной зоны, расположенных в пределах Восточно-Европейской равнины, начиная с 2014 г. резко (до 30 % от общей площади обрабатываемых земель) выросла доля посевов пропашных культур, что повысило вероятность формирования сильного смыва.

   Under the conditions of a changing climate, slope runoff from arable lands undergoes varying degrees of significant changes in different parts of the temperate climate zone. The article, based on a review of published data and the author’s generalizations, examines the main trends in the transformation of soil erosion in the largest agricultural regions of the world with an emphasis on the European Territory of Russia (ETR). For ETR, based on observations of slope runoff during snowmelt, a clear trend of its reduction was revealed, starting from the 1990s up until the complete cessation of the forest-steppe zone in the west and its replacement by mixed snowmelt/rainfall erosion in the west of the steppe zone. A general reduction in the rate of soil losses within the southern megaslope of ETR was revealed for all landscape zones except for the south of the steppe zone based on estimates of the rate of sediment deposition in the bottoms of the dry valleys of first-order catchments. It is shown that climate warming contributes to an increase in the frequency of extreme rainfall events, which is especially significant in Western and Central Europe. This trend is still less evident within the ETR. Structural changes in land use have affected Russian agriculture to the greatest extent in recent decades. Here, up until the beginning of the 21st century, there was a significant reduction in arable land, which since the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century has been replaced by the restoration of arable land areas in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. In North and especially in South America, over the past two decades, zero tillage has been used on significant areas of previously arable land, which has significantly reduced the rate of soil erosion. At the same time, in a number of regions of the forest-steppe zone located within the East European Plain, since 2014, the share of row crops has increased sharply (up to 30 % of the total area of cultivated land), which has increased the likelihood of severe erosion.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.